Detection and Remediation of Dibutyl Phthalate in Plastic Bottle-Packaged Drinking Water
Sachika Tomer
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Hemant P Soni
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
35-41
Vol: 14, Issue: 2, 2024
Receiving Date:
2024-03-20
Acceptance Date:
2024-06-15
Publication Date:
2024-06-20
Download PDF
http://doi.org/10.37648/ijrst.v14i02.004
Abstract
In the present study, we have reported the detection of Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP), a plasticizer used to make plastic material processable but is harmful to human health. Plastic water storage bottles available in the local market were used for sampling. The samples were divided into two groups based on different localities which included local city market and the markets on the outskirt of the city. The amount of DBP in the drinking water was detected and a simple water purification method was developed based on passing the contaminated water through a pre-treated sawdust glass column. This study will be useful for constructing a drinking water treatment plant on an economical basis.
Keywords:
Dibutyl Phthalate; Plasticizers; Leaching; Sawdust
References
- Alam MS, Ohsako S, Matsuwaki T, Zhu XB, Tsunekawa N, Kanai Y, et al. Induction of spermatogenic cell apoptosis in prepubertal rat testes irrespective of testicular steroidogenesis: a possible estrogenic effect of di(n-butyl) phthalate. Reproduction. 2010; 139:427–37. doi: 10.1530/REP-09-0226.
- Howdeshell, K.L., Furr, J., Lambright, C.R., Rider, C.V., Wilson, V.S., Gray Jr., L.E., 2007. Cumulative effects of dibutyl phthalate and diethlhxyl phthalate on male rat reproductive tract development: altered fetal steroid hormones and genes. Toxicol. Sci. 99 (1), 190–202.
- Daiem MMA, Rivera-Utrilla J, Ocampo-Pérez R, Méndez-Díaz JD, Sánchez-Polo M. Environmental impact of phthalic acid esters and their removal from water and sediments by different technologies—a review. Journal of Environmental anagement. 2012;109:164–178. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.05.014.
- Fernández MA, Gómara B, González MJ. Occurrence of phthalates and their metabolites in the environment and human health implications. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer; 2012 Serrano SE, Braun J, Trasande L, Dills R, Sathyanarayana S. Phthalates and diet: a review of the food monitoring and epidemiology data. Environ Health. 2014 Jun 2;13(1):43. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-13-43. PMID: 24894065; PMCID: PMC4050989.
- Gao, D., Wen, Z., 2016. Phthalate esters in the environment: a critical review of their occurrence, biodegradation, and removal during wastewater treatment processes. Sci. Total. Environ. 541, 986-1001.
- Koniecki, D., Wang, R., Moody, R. P., Zhu, J., 2011. Phthalates in cosmetic and personal care products: concentrations and possible dermal exposure. Environ. Res. 111, 329−336.
- Sorensen, L.K., 2006. Determination of phthalates in milk and milk products by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Sp. 20, 1135e1143.
- Thuren, A., Woin, P., 1991. Effects of phthalate esters on the locomotor activity of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex. B. Environ. Contam. Tox 46, 159e166.
- Nordkap L, Joensen UN, Blomberg Jensen M, et al. (2012) Regional differences and temporal trends in male reproductive health disorders: semen quality may be a sensitive marker of environmental exposures. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 355(2): 221–230.
- Wong EW, Cheng CY (2011) Impacts of environmental toxicants on male reproductive dysfunction. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 32(5): 290–299.
- Wormuth, M., Scheringer, M., Vollenweider, M., Hungerbuhler, K., 2006. What are thesources of exposure to eight frequently used phthalic acid esters in Europeans? Risk Anal 26, 803-824.
- Blount, B.C., Silva, M.J., Caudill, S.P., Needham, L.L., Pirkle, J.L., Sampson, E.J., Lucier, G.W., Jackson, R.J., Brock, J.W., 2000. Levels of seven urinary phthalate metabolites in a human reference population. Environ. Health Perspect. 108 (10), 979–982.
- Danish Ministry of the Environment, Danish Environmental Protection Agency. The EU List of Potential Endocrine Disruptors. eng.mst.dk/chemicals/chemicals-in-products/endocrine-disruptors/the-eu-list-of-potential-endocrine-disruptors/
- De Falco, M., Forte, M., Laforgia, V., 2015. Estrogenic and anti-androgenic endocrine disrupting chemicals and their impact on the male reproductive system. Front. Environ. Sci. 3
- Hannon, P.R., Flaws, J.A., 2015. The effects of phthalates on the ovary. Front. Endocrinol. 2 (6:8)
- Heudorf, U., Mersch-Sundermann, V., Angerer, J., 2007. Phthalates: toxicology and exposure. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 210 (5), 623–634.
- Zhang, Y., Cao, Y., Shi, H., Jiang, X., Zhao, Y., Fang, X., Xie, C., 2015. Could exposure to phthalates speed up or delay pubertal onset and development? A 1.5-year follow-up of a school-based population. Environ. Int. 83, 41–49.
- Hauser, R., Meeker, J.D., Park, S., Silva, M.J., Calafat, A.M., 2004. Temporal variability of urinary phthalate metabolite levels in men of reproductive age. Environ Health Perspect 112, 1734-1740.
- Wormuth, M., Scheringer, M., Vollenweider, M., Hungerbuhler, K., 2006. What are the sources of exposure to eight frequently used phthalic acid esters in Europeans? Risk Anal 26, 803-824.
- Christiansen, S., Boberg, J., Axelstad, M., Dalggard, M., Vingaard, A.M., Metzdorff, S.B., Hass, U., 2010. Low-dose perinatal exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces anti-androgenic effects in male rats. Reprod. Toxicol. 30 (2), 313–321.
- Main, K., Mortensen, G.K., Kaleva, M.M., Boisen, K.A., Damgaard, I.N., Chellakooty, M., Schmidt, I.M., Suomi, A.M., Virtanen, H.E., Petersen, D.V., Andersoon, A.M., Toppari, J., Skakkebæk, N.E., 2005. Human breast milk contamination with phthalates and alterations of endogenous reproductive hormones in infants three months of age. Environ. Heal. Perspect. 114 (2), 270–276
- Swan, S.H., Main, K.M., Liu, F., Steward, S.L., Kruse, R.L., Calafat, A.M., Mao, C.S., Redmon, J.B., Ternand, C.L., Sullivan, S., Teague, J.L., Study for Future Families Research Team, 2005. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 113 (8), 1056–1061.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program, Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (2003). CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Di-n-Butyl Phthalate (DBP). ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/ohat/phthalates/dbp/dbp_monograph_final.pdf
- California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. List of Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity. February 13, 2018. oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65//p65list122917links.xlsx.
- Dominguez-Morueco, N., Gonzalez-Alonso, S., Valcarcel, Y., 2014. Phthalate occurrence in rivers and tap water from Central Spain. Sci. Total Environ. 500-501, 139–146.
- Santana, J., Giraudi, C., Marengo, E., Robotti, E., Pires, S., Nunes, I., Gaspar, E.M., 2014. Preliminary toxicological assessment of phthalate esters from drinking water consumed in Portugal. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 21, 1380–1390.
- Rudel, R.A., Camann, D.E., Spengler, J.D., Korn, L.R., Brody, J.G., 2003. Phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other endocrine disrupting compounds in indoor air and dust. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 4543– 4553.
- Fromme, H., Lahrz, T., Piloty, M., Gebhart, H., Oddoy, A., Rüden, H., 2004 Occurrence of phthalates and musk fragrances in indoor air and dust from apartments and kindergartens in Berlin (Germany). Indoor Air 14, 188–195.
- Adeniyi AA, Okedeyi OO, Yusuf KA. Flame ionization gas chromatographic determination of phthalate esters in water, surface sediments and fish species in the Ogun river catchments, Ketu, Lagos, Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess. 2011;172:561–569. PMID:20221801.
- Hoppin, J.A.; Brock, J.W.; Davis, B.J.; Baird, D.D. Reproducibility of urinary phthalate metabolites in first morning urine samples. Environ. Health Perspect. 2002, 110, 515–518.
- Frederiksen, H.; Skakkebaek, N.E.; Andersson, A.M. Metabolism of phthalates in humans. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2007, 51, 899–911.
- Staples CA, Peterson DR, Parkerton TF, Adams WJ. 1997b. The environmental fate of phthalate esters: a literature review. Chemosphere 35(4):667–749 DOI 10.1016/s0045-6535(97)00195-1.
- Thomsen M, Rasmussen AG, Carlsen L. 1999. SAR/QSAR approaches to solubility, partitioning and sorption of phthalates. Chemosphere 38(11):2613–2624 DOI 10.1016/s0045-6535(98)00469-x
- Environmental quality standard for surface water (GB 3838-2002)
- National Standard of the People’s Republic of China GB 5749-2006.
- Mutsuga, M.; Wakui, C.; Kawamura, Y.; Maitani, T. Isolation and identification of some unknown substances in disposable nitrile-butadiene rubber gloves used for food handling. Food Addit. Contam. 2002, 19, 1097–1103.
- EUR-Lex. EU Phthalates Directive 2005/84/EC. 14 December 2005. DIRECTIVE 2005/84/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 14 December 2005.
- Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/2005. Official Journal of the European Union. 17 December 2018. COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2018/2005 of 17 December 2018
Back