Less rigorous strategies are practiced widely in testing. Here we refer to such old favorites as boundary testing, testing zero, one, and many occurrences of some particular phenomenon, and other standard practices given some knowledge of the system specifics, data types, and operators. These adapt to the specification level very easily the only transition required is working with the notation of the specification rather than that of the implementation as is usually done. Conclusion. Our experiments using testing strategies at the specification level led us to develop two new specification-based testing strategies. The first, domain propagation, is an extension of partition testing. The second, specification mutation, is an adaptation of the existing implementation-based mutation testing technique.

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