Baeyer pioneered the chemistry of calixarenes although he was unable to determine its structure. In 1902, Baekland made phenol formaldehyde resins a commercial success under the trade name Bakelite. In these resins phenol and formaldehyde are exhaustively condensed with each other to form heavily cross-linked polymers. The first attempt to control the reaction was made by Zinke and Ziegler in 1942. They employed para substituted phenols which inhibits crosslinking and should result in a linear polymer with formaldehyde

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